نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 28 (زمستان 1400)

Architecture during the Qajar era witnessed great changes because of its relations with other countries. The architecture of mosques located in the city of Shiraz were no exception. Moshir al-Molk and Nasir al-Molk mosques are buildings from the Qajar period which due to their location in these developments and the architectural background of Shiraz, with their unique decorative features in tile and architectural innovations have been of great interest to scholars. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to review the historical process of these two buildings, to examine the innovations that have been made in the elements that make up the mosques and to evaluate their religious and educational activities. In other words, the most important question of this research is: what was the actual performance of Moshir al-Molk and Nasir al-Molk mosques? and what are the architectural features of these two mosques that have not been investigated to a great extent? In the present study, in order to answer the research questions and objectives, field studies and mixed-method research including case-study and historical-interpretation for introducing, categorizing and finding comparative relationships have been used. The results of this research show that the Nasir al-Molk and Moshir al-Molk mosques have a consistent relationship in their architectural elements including the yard, fountain, and facade. On the other hand, these two mosques have a religious-educational function and in comparison to other historical buildings have witnessed great changes in their construction. This is mainly evident in the constructions’ elements such as fluorescent, entrance, ivan, clock tower, and the ornamentations in the facade.

As cultural heritage, industrial buildings are prone to various changes and transformations to the extent that they are practically susceptible to complete destruction. Accordingly, such spaces which should be considered lively places have unfortunately turned into the symbols of urban disorder. Furthermore, an industrial heritage covers social, economic, and cultural values. Therefore, dealing with them has its specific significance which makes it necessary to take a particular approach for dealing with each of them regarding their specific condition and values. As the first cement factory in Iran, Shahr-e Rey cement factory is not only a valuable construction in terms of its architecture and antiquity, but it is also a symbol of valuable transformation emerging in Pahlavi I architecture. Besides, considering it as an industrial building adds even more significant value to this structure. In the past couple of years, because the factory has been shut down and it does not have an industrial use any more, the factory has been forgotten and has been transformed into a desserted location. As such, this paper adopted qualitative research methods as a basis for data collection and analysis, which primarily involved the use of content analysis along with field observations and interviews with stakeholders and indigenous residents. By reviewing and analyzing international conventions and documents, and expert opinions, the present study, therefore, strived to find out how to conserve the value of the industrial heritage. The necessity of transmitting working and activity morale as well as the industrial style belonging to the cement factory of Shahr-e-Rey increases the importance of maintaining the building. Thus, injecting dynamism, liveliness and vigor into the mentioned construction and preserving its character simultaneously is possible through an emphasis on conservation of particular values and adaptive reuse of the cement factory.

Qavam al-Din Shirazi was one of the prominent architects of the Timurid era who has left many works in memories such as the Goharshad Mosque in Mashhad and the Goharshad Mosque in Herat. What is considered as an architectural work in the study of a building is the material and physical aspects of the architectural space. Due to the destruction of Herat's Goharshad Mosque, one of the ways to understand the architecture of the mosque is to examine its geometric proportions with the Goharshad Mosque in Mashhad because the Goharshad Mosque in Mashhad was built before the Herat Goharshad Mosque, and it is possible that Qavam al-Din used common geometric proportions in the design of the mosques. Therefore, the present study aims to find a common geometric proportions system in two Qavam al-Din index buildings, namely Goharshad Mosques in Mashhad and Herat, to analyze and compare the geometric proportions of the ground floor plan of these mosques. The research method used in this research is historical-commentary. Data collection was done in two sections: library and document analysis and maps. As such, geometric proportions of Goharshad mosques in Mashhad and Herat were analyzed and compared using geometric proportions patterns. The research results show that Qavam al-Din used similar geometric proportions and ratios in these mosques. In other words, in both mosques, the dome, the length of the prayer hall, and the combination of the dome complex with the prayer hall have similar geometric proportions and there are differences in the Geometric proportions and ratios of the central courtyard and porches of the two mosques that may be related to the context (location of the building) and the type of use.

The inscription dedicated to permissible water in the Isfahan Grand Mosque is one of the most valuable endowment letters of the Safavid period. The content of the above inscription refers to the name of Amir Aslan bin Rostam Sultan Laleh Afshar Arshlou, who during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I, by digging a river, brought the permissible water to the mosque and dedicated it to this building. This research has been written for the first time with the aim of analyzing the above inscription and answering questions regarding the reasons for transferring water to the Isfahan Grand Mosque and speculating its route. The investigation is based on library, field and analytical studies. Research data is also collected based on field information (reading inscriptions) and library information (visual documents, books and articles). The results of the study showed that by examining the political and social conditions of the Safavid period, it became clear that the establishment of the central government, the recognition of the Shiite religion and social and economic security have been effective factors in creating a suitable environment for expanding endowment. In some cases, endowment has been a political move to get closer to the king and the court, or to keep the property safe. Dedication of property has also contributed to the political and social reputation of the courtiers. It seems that the role and influence of scholars in the political and social structure in the Safavid period has caused us to witness many endowments in this period. (Referring to the role of Sheikh Ali Manshar as Sheikh of Islam at the time in Isfahan). Acquiring the reward of the Hereafter and leaving a good name for oneself has been another motivation for the waqf for waqf. It also appears that the above stream was an independent river that was dug only to supply water to the Isfahan Grand Mosque, and that the city’s structure at the time, despite its gardens and groves, made this possible. It also seems that with the capital city of Isfahan, at the same time with the construction of a comprehensive urban plan in the Safavid period, the Isfahan Grand Mosque was destroyed and the above inscription was destroyed due to secrecy (not continuing the endowment) or negligence in the pipeline. The water of the mosque has been hidden and this has caused the destruction of the above river, and that is why, among all the detailed descriptions of the tourists from the Isfahan Grand Mosque, there has never been any mention of the flow of running water from inside the mosque.

Ancient Persian sources are among the most important sources for understanding the past architecture of Iran. From mong these texts is the of book Nuzhat Nama-yi Ala’i by Shah Mardan Ibn Abi al-Khayr, which was written in the last years of the fifth century AH. This book is an encyclopedia of common sciences of that time and includes various subjects such as animals, plants, jewelry, arithmetic, astronomy, handicrafts, etc. The subject of this article is the extraction, categorization and study of principles and categories in the book of Nuzhat Nama, which is used for theoretical discussions of architecture. The research has been conducted adopting the interpretive method and in the way of reading, understanding and interpreting the book of Nuzhat Nama through the text itself, so the focus of this research is the book of Nuzhat Nama and only secondary sources have been referred to for more knowledge and better reasoning. The findings of this research has been organized in three chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the context and time of the book and in it a brief outline of the position of Nuzhat Nama and its author is outlined. In the second chapter, the dominant principles of the book about the world and man are discussed and categorized. These principles lay the foundations for the third chapter, which are the principles extracted from the book on architecture, including: the dignity of architecture, the discovery of wisdom and meaning, the observance of time, the knowledge of nature and moderation, the harmony of form and good meaning. According to the world of architecture, architecture is one of the noble crafts. The architect needs to be aware of the times of misfortune and different natures in his work, to master the techniques of his work in order to be able to estimate a good building, to seek wisdom and meanings, and to try to implement the principle of moderation in architecture.

One of the first and most important public spaces with which children deal is the educational space and the most basic spaces are preschools. Children's belonging to preschools affects their future to enhance their education. Many studies have been conducted in Iran on the creation and upgrading of educational spaces for children, but studies on children as the main source of qualitative data are very limited. The main question in this paper is, what are the factors affecting the place attachment of preschoolers from the views of boys and what are the design strategies derived from them. In this paper, using a combined and four-stage research method, design strategies were developed to establish the belonging of boys to preschoolers in Isfahan. The three main components of place attachment in these spaces are physical, individual properties, and personal and social interactions that were derived from the first stage using library resources and their content analysis, along with their main categories and sub-categories. Subsequently, at the next stages with a focus on these three key components, some of the designing strategies were developed by drawing mental images and open-ended interviews with children. Another part of these strategies was obtained through questions and answers from architecture experts, educators and psychologists of children. The importance of outdoor and natural spaces, the presence of nature, water and natural light indoors, wildlife, a space for physical activity, the use of technology for entertainment, spaces to show feelings and likening children with desired environments, spaces for child's identity and development and imagination, interactions, participation, and exploration was obtained from the first three stages of the research. The architects, educators, and psychologists of children, at the end of the fourth stage, provided details of some of their design and rating strategies in terms of their importance.